Virtual memory, low cost, of course

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Ready boost is actually a virtual memory. You may have to use a hard disk used as virtual memory that serves to assist the work of a main memory. But this time the existence of hard disk used as virtual memory has been replaced by the flash disk. Virtual memory is very useful when the main memory is not big enough. With such capacity, then in some usage is likely that memory capacity will be quickly filled. Moreover, if the program used is a program that uses large memory capacity, such as editing photos, videos and other digital imaging.

Currently the memory a computer has the greater capacity, the average reached 1 GB or more. But unfortunately, this time some computer programs also require a memory capacity large enough, as for example the Windows 7 operating system which requires a minimum memory capacity of 1 GB. This is particularly felt if you run multiple applications at once, such as browsers, Microsoft Word, Windows Media player, and some applications are often run simultaneously.

Operating system using the hard disk capacity as additional memory, which determines the operating system files that remain stationed in the main memory and the file can be moved into the virtual memory. Files that are often run remains placed in the main memory.

History of Operating System

Posted on 8:17 PM | By MOHD NOOR RIZAL BIN ARBAIN | In


First Generation (1945-1955): Vacuum Tubes and Plugboards
- No programming language nor OS
- Machine language
- The use of plugboards, punched cards
Second Generation (1955-1965): Transistor and Batch System
- Introduction of transistor
- Fortran, Assembler
- Batch system

- Offline system:


- Operating System usually used:
FMS (Fortran Monitor System)
IBSYS (OS for IBM 7094)
- Example of FMS job structure:


Third Generation (1965-1980): ICs and Multiprogramming
- IBM 360 for scientific calculation (i.e numerical) and commercial (i.e character-oriented)
- IC (Integrated Circuit)
- Introduction of multiprogramming
- Introduction of SPOOLING (Simultaneous Peripheral Operation On Line)
- Introduction of time-sharing
- Development of “computer utility” Þ machine that supports hundreds of timesharing users
Eg: MULTICS (Multiplex Information and Computing Service)
- Development of minicomputer
Eg: DEC PDP-1 until PDP-11
- Development of UNIX (Uniplexed Information and Computing Service)
Fourth Generation (1980-now): LSI and PC
- LSI (Large Scale Integration) circuit and chips consisting of thousands of transistor Þ birth of PC (Personal Computer)
- User-friendly software
- Dominant Operating System:
MS-DOS, Win ME, Win NT
Unix, X Window
- Network Operating System
- Distributed Operating System

The Top 7 Best Linux Distributions for You

Posted on 10:15 PM | By MOHD NOOR RIZAL BIN ARBAIN | In

There are various approaches to answering this question. The broad answer is: "any of them," but that's not very helpful if you're just looking for a place to start.

The problem is, there never can be one best Linux distribution for everyone, because the needs of each user tend to be unique. Telling someone who's looking for a good introductory distribution to try Gentoo, for instance, would be a mistake because for all its positive qualities, Gentoo is decidedly not a beginner's distro.

All too often, Linux aficionados will tend to list the distributions they like as the best, which is fair, but if they are not aware of their audience, they could suggest something that does not meet that person's needs. Finding a good Linux distribution is like finding a good match in an online dating service: good looks aren't the only quality upon which to judge a Linux distro.

To help users discover the Linux distribution that's best for them, this resource will definitively list the best candidates for the various types of Linux users to try. The use-case categories will be:

  • Best Desktop Distribution
  • Best Laptop Distribution
  • Best Enterprise Desktop
  • Best Enterprise Server
  • Best LiveCD
  • Best Security-Enhanced Distribution
  • Best Multimedia Distribution

Once you find the best Linux distribution for your needs, you can visit our Linux Migration Guides to assist you in installing and using the one you'd like to try.

Best Linux Desktop Distribution

There are a lot of Linux distributions that have the primary focus of becoming the next best desktop replacement for Windows or OS X. Of all the categories in this list, this is the most sought-after, and contentious, group of distros.

While it would be ideal to include many distributions on this list, the reality is that there really needs to be just one "best" Linux distribution. For early 2010, that distro has to be Canonical's Ubuntu.

Ubuntu edges out its closest contenders, Fedora and openSUSE, because its development team is constantly focused on the end-user experience. Canonical and the Ubuntu community have spent a lot of time and resources on bringing ease-of-use tools to this distribution, particularly in the area of installing Ubuntu and installing applications within Ubuntu.

In addition, Ubuntu's level of support for its desktop products is highly superior, which is important in this class of distributions since it is the most likely to contain users new to Linux. Both the official and unofficial Ubuntu documentation is robust and searchable, a big plus.

Best Linux Laptop Distribution

Laptop distributions almost fall into the same category as desktop users, but there are a number of key differences that make the criteria for evaluating a good laptop distribution important. Power management, docking tools, and wireless ease-of-use are critical to users on the go, as is having a distro that meets those needs.

Right now, the best laptop distribution is openSUSE, one of the lead contenders for the desktop honors. On the laptop, openSUSE shines with great connectivity tools, such as an easy-to-use networking toolset that not only handles WiFi connectivity, but also CDMA/cellular modem connections.

openSUSE also deals with docking stations for laptops very well, including dual-monitor management on the fly. Power management is very granular, which is great for detailing various power needs you might find yourself needing.

Best Linux Enterprise Desktop

This category is replete with great contenders as well, and it's difficult to highlight just one. At the end of the day, though, the nod must be given to SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop (SLED).

The reason is simple: while SLED and its primary competitor Red Hat Enterprise Linux Desktop are nearly identical in features and support performance, SLED has the advantage of the openSUSE Build Service, a free and open service that lets applications be built and delivered to SUSE Linux and openSUSE products (as well as Red Hat and CentOS).

This is a very important differentiator in enterprise desktop development, as it means that SLED has the current advantage of application building and deployment in the enterprise arena.

Best Linux Enterprise Server

Again, in this category it really comes down to two main contenders: Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) and SUSE Linux Enterprise Server (SLES). Given the pick for the Enterprise Desktop category, you might expect SLES to get the "best of" label here.

But, when all factors for the enterprise server are weighed, RHEL is still the king of this particular hill.

Red Hat edges out Novell with its server product, because RHEL users get a deeply mature distribution, and Red Hat's support structure is second to none in the enterprise channels.

Best Linux LiveCD

As Linux technology improves, users can easily choose the LiveCD version of practically any of the Linux distros listed here to get the best LiveCD experience for their needs.

There is a specialized class of LiveCDs, however, that offers users utilities and tools for the specific purpose of repairing existing Linux and Windows installations. These distros are very useful to have regardless of what primary Linux distribution you like to use, because in a crisis they are invaluable to own.

In this class of distribution, KNOPPIX is hands-down the most complete and useful distro. Loaded on a CD or USB storage device, KNOPPIX will let you recover from nearly any rare Linux system crash as well as the much-less-rare Windows breakdowns.

Best Linux Security-Enhanced Distribution

Linux is inherently very secure compared to other operating systems, but there's always room for improvement.

One of the challenges for locking down Linux is if you are not careful, you can take away too much functionality. Another challenge is that the best security-oriented Linux distro, SELinux, is historically known to be difficult to configure correctly. Still, if security out of the box is your priority, this is the best place to begin.

Another approach is the white hat method: using security and forensic tools to examine your existing installation, determine the holes, then lock your system down based on what gaps you find. If you have the time and inclination, this is a great way to do it, because this will get any existing system more secure right away.

For the white hat approach, the best distribution is BackTrack Linux, a dedicated penetration testing distro that will enable you to safely try to crack any system you are caretaking. Its toolset and strong community give it the advantage in this category.

Best Linux Multimedia Distribution

General Linux distributions have come a long way in terms of multimedia performance. Rare is the audio or video file that can't be played on Linux. Music services such as Rhapsody and video sites like YouTube and Hulu are also standards-compliant and accessible to Linux users.

Still, for those users who are multimedia creators as well as consumers, there are Linux distributions that contain powerful tools for audio and video editing.

The best in this class is currently Ubuntu Studio. For audio, video, and graphic production, it contains a very complete set of tools, as well as format and codec support for a huge range of multimedia formats.

The applications contained in Ubuntu Studio are the same or similar to those used by major studios to create cutting edge work, so users are getting the best apps, coupled with the strong support ethos already found in the Ubuntu community.

Source:

Brian Proffitt, http://www.linux.com/learn/docs/ldp/282996-choosing-the-best-linux-distributions-for-you, 03 February 2010.

Freeware vs Shareware vs Open Source

Posted on 2:57 AM | By MOHD NOOR RIZAL BIN ARBAIN | In

Freeware vs Shareware vs Open Source

What are the differences between three models of "free" software, and why does it matter?

FREEWARE

SHAREWARE

OPEN SOURCE

Freeware as "software which can be downloaded, used, and copied without restrictions." [1]


Legally, the difference between freeware and open source is that you do not have access to the source code.[1]

Freeware (from "free" and "software") is computer software that is available for use at no cost or for an optional fee.[3]

Can download and try shareware for free, but if you use it, you are supposed to pay for it. [1]

The user does not have access to the source code and cannot modify it[1]

The term shareware (also known as trialware or demoware) refers to proprietary software that is provided to users without payment on a trial basis and is often limited by any combination of functionality, availability or convenience.[3]

Open source means that the source code is available to all potential users, and they are free to use, modify, and re-distribute the source code [1]

Open source describes practices in production and development that promote access to the end product's source materials.[3]

Open source doesn't just mean access to the source code. The distribution terms of open-source software must comply with the following criteria:[2]

1. Free Redistribution

2. Source Code

3. Derived Works

4. Integrity of The Author's Source Code

5. No Discrimination Against Persons or Groups

6. No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor

7. Distribution of License

8. License Must Not Be Specific to a Product

9. License Must Not Restrict Other Software

10. License Must Be Technology-Neutral

Source:

1. Si Chen, http://opensourcestrategies.blogspot.com/2005/09/freeware-vs-shareware-vs-open-source.html, Tuesday, September 13, 2005.

2. Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 License, http://www.opensource.org/docs/definition.php, Sunday, November 28, 2010.

3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeware, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareware, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source, Sunday, November 28, 2010.

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Posted on 8:41 PM | By MOHD NOOR RIZAL BIN ARBAIN | In

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Posted on 8:22 PM | By MOHD NOOR RIZAL BIN ARBAIN | In